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rpm is a powerful Package Manager, which can be used to build, install, query, verify, update, and erase individual software packages. A package consists of an archive of files and meta-data used to install and erase the archive files. The meta-data includes helper scripts, file attributes, and descriptive information about the package. Packages come in two varieties: binary packages, used to encapsulate software to be installed, and source packages, containing the source code and recipe necessary to produce binary packages.
One of the following basic modes must be selected: Query, Verify, Signature Check, Install/Upgrade/Freshen, Uninstall, Recompile Package, Initialize Database, Rebuild Database, Resign, Add Signature, Set Owners/Groups, Show Querytags, and Show Configuration.
These options can be used in all the different modes.
-?, --help
Print a longer usage message then normal.
--version
Print a single line containing the version number of rpm being used.
--quiet
Print as little as possible - normally only error messages will be displayed.
-v
Print verbose information - normally routine progress messages will be displayed.
-vv
Print lots of ugly debugging information.
--rcfile
FILELIST Each of the files in the colon separated
FILELIST
is read sequentially by rpm for configuration
information.
Only the first file in the list must exist, and tildes will be
expanded to the value of $HOME
.
The default FILELIST is
/usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc:/usr/lib/rpm/redhat/rpmrc:/etc/rpmrc:~/.rpmrc.
--pipe
CMDPipes the output of rpm to the command CMD.
--dbpath
DIRECTORYUse the database in DIRECTORY rather than the default path /var/lib/rpm
--root
DIRECTORYUse the file system tree rooted at DIRECTORY for all operations. Note that this means the database within DIRECTORY will be used for dependency checks and any scriptlet(s) (e.g. %post if installing, or %prep if building, a package) will be run after a chroot(2) to DIRECTORY.
The general form of an rpm install command is
rpm {-i|--install
} [(1) install-options
] PACKAGE_FILE...
This installs a new package.
The general form of an rpm upgrade command is
rpm {-U|--upgrade
} [(1) install-options
] PACKAGE_FILE...
This upgrades or installs the package currently installed to a newer version. This is the same as install, except all other version(s) of the package are removed after the new package is installed.
rpm {-F|--freshen
} [(1) install-options
] PACKAGE_FILE...
This will upgrade packages, but only if an earlier version currently exists. The PACKAGE_FILE may be specified as an ftp or http URL, in which case the package will be downloaded before being installed. See FTP/HTTP OPTIONS for information on rpm's internal ftp and http client support.
--aid
Add suggested packages to the transaction set when needed.
--allfiles
Installs or upgrades all the missingok files in the package, regardless if they exist.
--badreloc
Used with --relocate
, permit relocations on
all file paths, not just those OLDPATH's
included in the binary package relocation hint(s).
--excludepath
OLDPATHDon't install files whose name begins with OLDPATH.
--excludedocs
Don't install any files which are marked as documentation (which includes man pages and texinfo documents).
--force
Same as using
--replacepkgs
,
--replacefiles
, and
--oldpackage
.
-h, --hash
Print 50 hash marks as the package archive is unpacked.
Use with -v|--verbose
for a nicer display.
--ignoresize
Don't check mount file systems for sufficient disk space before installing this package.
--ignorearch
Allow installation or upgrading even if the architectures of the binary package and host don't match.
--ignoreos
Allow installation or upgrading even if the operating systems of the binary package and host don't match.
--includedocs
Install documentation files. This is the default behavior.
--justdb
Update only the database, not the filesystem.
--nodigest
Don't verify package or header digests when reading.
--nosignature
Don't verify package or header signatures when reading.
--nodeps
Don't do a dependency check before installing or upgrading a package.
--nosuggest
Don't suggest package(s) that provide a missing dependency.
--noorder
Don't reorder the packages for an install. The list of packages would normally be reordered to satisfy dependencies.
--noscripts
, --nopre
, --nopost
, --nopreun
, --nopostun
Don't execute the scriptlet of the same name.
The --noscripts
option is equivalent to
--nopre
--nopost
--nopreun
--nopostun
and turns off the execution of the corresponding %pre, %post, %preun, and %postun scriptlet(s).
--notriggers
, --notriggerin
, --notriggerun
, --notriggerpostun
Don't execute any trigger scriptlet of the named type.
The --notriggers
option is equivalent to
--notriggerin
--notriggerun
--notriggerpostun
and turns off execution of the corresponding %triggerin, %triggerun, and %triggerpostun scriptlet(s).
--oldpackage
Allow an upgrade to replace a newer package with an older one.
--percent
Print percentages as files are unpacked from the package archive. This is intended to make rpm easy to run from other tools.
--prefix
NEWPATHFor relocateable binary packages, translate all file paths that start with the installation prefix in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH.
--relocate
OLDPATH=NEWPATHFor relocatable binary packages, translate all file paths that start with OLDPATH in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH. This option can be used repeatedly if several OLDPATH's in the package are to be relocated.
--repackage
Re-package the files before erasing. The previously installed package will be named according to the macro %_repackage_name_fmt and will be created in the directory named by the macro %_repackage_dir (default value is /var/spool/repackage).
--replacefiles
Install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed, packages.
--replacepkgs
Install the packages even if some of them are already installed on this system.
--test
Do not install the package, simply check for and report potential conflicts.
The general form of an rpm erase command is
rpm {-e|--erase
} [--allmatches
] [--nodeps
] [--noscripts
] [--notriggers
] [--repackage
] [--test
] PACKAGE_NAME...
The following options may also be used:
--allmatches
Remove all versions of the package which match PACKAGE_NAME. Normally an error is issued if PACKAGE_NAME matches multiple packages.
--nodeps
Don't check dependencies before uninstalling the packages.
--noscripts
, --nopreun
, --nopostun
Don't execute the scriptlet of the same name.
The --noscripts
option during package erase is
equivalent to
--nopreun
--nopostun
and turns off the execution of the corresponding %preun, and %postun scriptlet(s).
--notriggers
, --notriggerun
, --notriggerpostun
Don't execute any trigger scriptlet of the named type.
The --notriggers
option is equivalent to
--notriggerun
--notriggerpostun
and turns off execution of the corresponding %triggerun, and %triggerpostun scriptlet(s).
--repackage
Re-package the files before erasing. The previously installed package will be named according to the macro %_repackage_name_fmt and will be created in the directory named by the macro %_repackage_dir (default value is /var/spool/repackage).
--test
Don't really uninstall anything, just go through the motions.
Useful in conjunction with the -vv
option
for debugging.
The general form of an rpm query command is
rpm {-q|--query
} [(1) select-options
] [(1) query-options
]
You may specify the format that package information should be printed in. To do this, you use the
{--qf|--queryformat
} QUERYFMT
Alternate output formats may be requested by following
the tag with :typetag
.
Currently, the following types are supported:
Wrap a public key in ASCII armor.
Encode binary data using base64.
Use strftime(3) "%c" format.
Use strftime(3) "%a %b %d %Y" format.
Format dependency flags.
Format file flags.
Format in hexadecimal.
Format in octal.
Format file permissions.
Escape single quotes for use in a script.
Display trigger suffix.
For example, to print only the names of the packages queried,
you could use %{NAME} as the format string.
To print the packages name and distribution information in
two columns, you could use %-30{NAME}%{DISTRIBUTION}.
rpm will print a list of all of the tags it knows about when it
is invoked with the --querytags
argument.
There are two subsets of options for querying: package selection, and information selection.
PACKAGE_NAME
Query installed package named PACKAGE_NAME.
-a, --all
Query all installed packages.
-f, --file
FILEQuery package owning FILE.
--fileid
MD5Query package that contains a given file identifier, i.e. the MD5 digest of the file contents.
-g, --group
GROUPQuery packages with the group of GROUP.
--hdrid
SHA1Query package that contains a given header identifier, i.e. the SHA1 digest of the immutable header region.
-p, --package
PACKAGE_FILEQuery an (uninstalled) package PACKAGE_FILE. The PACKAGE_FILE may be specified as an ftp or http style URL, in which case the package header will be downloaded and queried. See FTP/HTTP OPTIONS for information on rpm's internal ftp and http client support. The PACKAGE_FILE argument(s), if not a binary package, will be interpreted as an ASCII package manifest. Comments are permitted, starting with a '#', and each line of a package manifest file may include white space separated glob expressions, including URL's with remote glob expressions, that will be expanded to paths that are substituted in place of the package manifest as additional PACKAGE_FILE arguments to the query.
--pkgid
MD5Query package that contains a given package identifier, i.e. the MD5 digest of the combined header and payload contents.
--querybynumber
HDRNUMQuery the HDRNUMth database entry directly; this is useful only for debugging.
--specfile
SPECFILEParse and query SPECFILE as if it were a package. Although not all the information (e.g. file lists) is available, this type of query permits rpm to be used to extract information from spec files without having to write a specfile parser.
--tid
TIDQuery package(s) that have a given TID transaction identifier. A unix time stamp is currently used as a transaction identifier. All package(s) installed or erased within a single transaction have a common identifier.
--triggeredby
PACKAGE_NAMEQuery packages that are triggered by package(s) PACKAGE_NAME.
--whatprovides
CAPABILITYQuery all packages that provide the CAPABILITY capability.
--whatrequires
CAPABILITYQuery all packages that requires CAPABILITY for proper functioning.
--changelog
Display change information for the package.
-c, --configfiles
List only configuration files (implies -l
).
-d, --docfiles
List only documentation files (implies -l
).
--dump
Dump file information as follows:
path size mtime md5sum mode owner group isconfig isdoc rdev symlink
This option must be used with at least one of
-l
,
-c
,
-d
.
--filesbypkg
List all the files in each selected package.
-i, --info
Display package information, including name, version, and description.
This uses the --queryformat
if one was specified.
--last
Orders the package listing by install time such that the latest packages are at the top.
-l, --list
List files in package.
--provides
List capabilities this package provides.
-R, --requires
List packages on which this package depends.
--scripts
List the package specific scriptlet(s) that are used as part of the installation and uninstallation processes.
-s, --state
Display the states of files in the package
(implies -l
). The state of each file is one of
normal,
not installed, or
replaced.
--triggers, --triggerscripts
Display the trigger scripts, if any, which are contained in the package.
The general form of an rpm verify command is
rpm {-V|--verify
} [(1) select-options
] [(1) verify-options
]
Verifying a package compares information about the installed files in
the package with information about the files taken from the package
metadata stored in the rpm database. Among other things, verifying
compares the size, MD5 sum, permissions, type, owner and group of
each file. Any discrepancies are displayed.
Files that were not installed from the package, for example,
documentation files excluded on installation using the
"--excludedocs
" option,
will be silently ignored.
The package selection options are the same as for package querying (including package manifest files as arguments). Other options unique to verify mode are:
--nodeps
Don't verify dependencies of packages.
--nodigest
Don't verify package or header digests when reading.
--nofiles
Don't verify any attributes of package files.
--noscripts
Don't execute the %verifyscript scriptlet (if any).
--nosignature
Don't verify package or header signatures when reading.
--nolinkto
, --nomd5
, --nosize
, --nouser
, --nogroup
, --nomtime
, --nomode
, --nordev
Don't verify the corresponding file attribute.
The format of the output is a string of 8 characters, a possible attribute marker:
c %config configuration file. |
d %doc documentation file. |
g %ghost file (i.e. the file contents are not included in the package payload). |
l %license license file. |
r %readme readme file. |
from the package header, followed by the file name.
Each of the 8 characters denotes the result of a comparison of
attribute(s) of the file to the value of those attribute(s) recorded
in the database. A single
"." (period)
means the test passed, while a single
"?" (question mark)
indicates the test could not be performed (e.g. file permissions
prevent reading). Otherwise, the (mnemonically
emBoldened) character denotes failure of
the corresponding --verify
test:
S file Size differs |
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type) |
5 MD5 sum differs |
D Device major/minor number mismatch |
L readLink(2) path mismatch |
U User ownership differs |
G Group ownership differs |
T mTime differs |
The general forms of rpm digital signature commands are
rpm {--import
} PUBKEY...
rpm --checksig
[--nogpg
] [--nopgp
] [--nomd5
] PACKAGE_FILE...
The --checksig
option checks all the digests and
signatures contained in PACKAGE_FILE
to ensure the integrity and origin of the package. Note that
signatures are now verified whenever a package is read, and
--checksig
is useful to verify
all of the digests and signatures associated with a package.
Digital signatures cannot be verified without a public key.
An ASCII armored public key can be added to the rpm database
using --import
. An imported public key is
carried in a header, and key ring management is performed
exactly like package management. For example, all currently imported
public keys can be displayed by:
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey*
Details about a specific public key, when imported, can be displayed by querying. Here's information about the Red Hat GPG/DSA key:
rpm -qi gpg-pubkey-db42a60e
Finally, public keys can be erased after importing just like packages. Here's how to remove the Red Hat GPG/DSA key
rpm -e gpg-pubkey-db42a60e
rpm {--addsign|--resign
} PACKAGE_FILE...
Both of the --addsign
and --resign
options generate and insert new signatures for each package
PACKAGE_FILE given, replacing any
existing signatures. There are two options for historical reasons,
there is no difference in behavior currently.
In order to sign packages using GPG, rpm
must be configured to run GPG and be able to find a key
ring with the appropriate keys. By default,
rpm uses the same conventions as GPG
to find key rings, namely the $GNUPGHOME
environment
variable. If your key rings are not located where GPG expects
them to be, you will need to configure the macro
%_gpg_path
to be the location of the GPG key rings to use.
For compatibility with older versions of GPG, PGP, and rpm, only V3 OpenPGP signature packets should be configured. Either DSA or RSA verification algorithms can be used, but DSA is preferred.
If you want to be able to sign packages you create yourself, you also need to create your own public and secret key pair (see the GPG manual). You will also need to configure the rpm macros
The signature type. Right now only gpg and pgp are supported.
The name of the "user" whose key you wish to use to sign your packages.
For example, to be able to use GPG to sign packages as the user "John Doe <jdoe@foo.com>" from the key rings located in /etc/rpm/.gpg using the executable /usr/bin/gpg you would include
%_signature gpg %_gpg_path /etc/rpm/.gpg %_gpg_name John Doe <jdoe@foo.com> %_gpgbin /usr/bin/gpg
in a macro configuration file. Use /etc/rpm/macros for per-system configuration and ~/.rpmmacros for per-user configuration.
The general form of an rpm rebuild database command is
rpm {--initdb|--rebuilddb
} [-v
] [--dbpath
DIRECTORY] [--root
DIRECTORY]
Use --initdb
to create a new database, use
--rebuilddb
to rebuild the database indices from
the installed package headers.
The command
rpm --showrc
shows the values rpm will use for all of the options are currently set in rpmrc and macros configuration file(s).
rpm can act as an FTP and/or HTTP client so that packages can be queried or installed from the internet. Package files for install, upgrade, and query operations may be specified as an ftp or http style URL:
ftp://USER:PASSWORD@HOST:PORT/path/to/package.rpm
If the :PASSWORD portion is omitted, the password will be prompted for (once per user/hostname pair). If both the user and password are omitted, anonymous ftp is used. In all cases, passive (PASV) ftp transfers are performed.
rpm allows the following options to be used with ftp URLs:
--ftpproxy
HOSTThe host HOST will be used as a proxy server for all ftp transfers, which allows users to ftp through firewall machines which use proxy systems. This option may also be specified by configuring the macro %_ftpproxy.
--ftpport
PORTThe TCP PORT number to use for the ftp connection on the proxy ftp server instead of the default port. This option may also be specified by configuring the macro %_ftpport.
rpm allows the following options to be used with http URLs:
--httpproxy
HOSTThe host HOST will be used as a proxy server for all http transfers. This option may also be specified by configuring the macro %_httpproxy.
--httpport
PORTThe TCP PORT number to use for the http connection on the proxy http server instead of the default port. This option may also be specified by configuring the macro %_httpport.
The build modes of rpm are now resident in the /usr/bin/rpmbuild executable. Although legacy compatibility provided by the popt aliases below has been adequate, the compatibility is not perfect; hence build mode compatibility through popt aliases is being removed from rpm. Install the rpm-build package, and see rpmbuild(8) for documentation of all the rpm build modes previously documented here in rpm(8).
Add the following lines to /etc/popt if you wish to continue invoking rpmbuild from the rpm command line:
rpm exec --bp rpmb -bp rpm exec --bc rpmb -bc rpm exec --bi rpmb -bi rpm exec --bl rpmb -bl rpm exec --ba rpmb -ba rpm exec --bb rpmb -bb rpm exec --bs rpmb -bs rpm exec --tp rpmb -tp rpm exec --tc rpmb -tc rpm exec --ti rpmb -ti rpm exec --tl rpmb -tl rpm exec --ta rpmb -ta rpm exec --tb rpmb -tb rpm exec --ts rpmb -ts rpm exec --rebuild rpmb --rebuild rpm exec --recompile rpmb --recompile rpm exec --clean rpmb --clean rpm exec --rmsource rpmb --rmsource rpm exec --rmspec rpmb --rmspec rpm exec --target rpmb --target rpm exec --short-circuit rpmb --short-circuit
/var/lib/rpm/Basenames |
/var/lib/rpm/Conflictname |
/var/lib/rpm/Dirnames |
/var/lib/rpm/Filemd5s |
/var/lib/rpm/Group |
/var/lib/rpm/Installtid |
/var/lib/rpm/Name |
/var/lib/rpm/Packages |
/var/lib/rpm/Providename |
/var/lib/rpm/Provideversion |
/var/lib/rpm/Requirename |
/var/lib/rpm/Requireversion |
/var/lib/rpm/Sha1header |
/var/lib/rpm/Sigmd5 |
/var/lib/rpm/Triggername |